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La tirannia del merito by Michael J. Sandel

floriankogler's review against another edition

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challenging informative inspiring sad slow-paced

4.0

georgea_1234's review against another edition

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hopeful informative reflective medium-paced

4.0

lennartliest's review against another edition

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challenging informative reflective medium-paced

4.5

alexisrt's review against another edition

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4.0

In the US today our ruling philosophy is that of merit: that you get what you deserve, and if you get it, you deserve it. This is eroded around the edges by critiques of how the playing field isn't level, but many of these critiques don't take aim at the concept itself: they simply seek to make it fairer.

Harvard professor Sandel takes well deserved aim at this. Merit as a sorting criterion has pernicious effects: those who don't succeed believe that they got what they deserved, while those who do have an inflated sense of their own worth. It also leads to an overly technocratic view of government, led by a small elite, and ratchets up the prestige of a small number of institutions--he's fairly scathing about college admissions.

That said, there are some flaws with the work. First, perhaps because he takes it that this book is going to be read by the very elites he criticizes, his work as it relates to contemporary politics is somewhat imbalanced. He excoriates Clinton and Obama for their liberal elitism, but is relatively silent about how the right manipulates this idea, and his views on how meritocracy drives Trump voters fails to take sufficient account of race and gender. The chapter on the dignity of work fails to go far enough: it relates entirely to paid labor and the working class, while ignoring how we tie moral value to paid labor. It would have been much more effective to explore how we differentiate between paid and unpaid labor and devalue the worth of people who are outside the paid labor force, such as the disabled and caregivers.

astyage's review against another edition

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3.0

از اون کتابایی که اصلا قابل تعمیم به ایران نیست

sweetcuppincakes's review against another edition

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5.0

A timely book amidst a pandemic that has laid bare the inequalities that exist due to class by a meritocracy that, ironically and in theory, was intended to overcome class and wealth divisions.

Sandel is in good form here, and it's a significantally better argued book than his What Money Can't Buy, which read more as a deluge of examples aimed at garnering the right intuitions from readers that, yes, there's lots of things money shouldn't buy, but then felt lacking in reasoned and theoretical groundwork. Of course, Sandel is a champion of public philosophy and writes for a wider audience; but at least in this book he brings back the more well-structured theory development he is usually known for in his other books.

So meritocracy has failed in many regards. Sandel doesn't propose throwing out the baby with the bathwater, but rather proposes it be amended. One of merit's demerits is not just the increasing inequality divide, where the better off still manage to take most of the opportunity pie and provide significantally and statistically better chances for their progeny to get into top-tier schools—it's also the "hubris" of merit that leads to the better offs feeling they are completely deserving of their achievements, and those who haven't had similar successes are looked down on, and they, the downtrodden, in turn feel like failures in the meritocratic game that was always rigged against them. It's the justifiably felt resentment from those left behind that has led to the rise of right-leaning populism, where supporters are taken in by the promise of putting an end to those Dastardly Elites' globalization projects that outsource jobs out of the country and raise taxes to redistribute wealth to all those undeserving "takers," when all people wanted was to be respected as "makers"—to have an honest job, make an honest living, i.e., "the dignity of work."

The amendment, then, is to balance the liberal project of distributive justice (higher taxes for larger companies that are always more advantaged through various financial instruments to generate wealth without growth) with contributive justice:
we are most fully human when we contribute to the common good and earn the esteem of our fellow citizens for the contributions we make. [...] [T]he fundamental human need is to be needed by those with whom we share a common life. The dignity of work consists in exercising our abilities to answer such needs.
(p.212)

It's not so clear how "distributive justice" and "contributive justice" relate, when the former seems like the more realized status quo of liberal democracies that can be legislated, and the latter is more like... what? An ideal? A vision? Sandel is not so clear in this regard, but when reading the notes he seems to suggest that the reader take a look at his Democracy's Discontent, which centers on civic virtue and nourishing discourse on the common good.

jasmineting's review against another edition

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4.5

reframed my thinking fr 

“… in a meritocratic age, being smart carried more persuasive heft than being right”

“… at a time when racism and sexism are out of favor (discredited though not eliminated), credentialism is the last acceptable prejudice”

“allocating jobs & opportunities according to merit does not reduce inequality; it reconfigures inequality to align with ability”

“equality of opportunity is a morally necessary corrective to injustice. but it is a remedial principle, not an adequate ideal for a good society … rather than repair the conditions that people want to flee, we construct a politics that makes mobility the answer to inequality”

mahir007's review against another edition

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4.0

الانتفاضة الشعبوية
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قبل ستة عقود ، توقع عالم اجتماع بريطاني ، يُدعى (مايكل يونغ) ، الغطرسة والاستياء اللذين سيؤديان إلى نشوء مبدأ الإستحقاق. في الواقع ، كان هو من صاغ هذا المصطلح. في كتاب بعنوان The Rise of the Meritocracy (1958) ، تساءل عما يمكن أن يحدث إذا ، في يوم من الأيام ، تم التغلب على الحواجز الطبقية ، بحيث يحصل كل فرد على فرصة متكافئة حقًا للارتقاء بناءً على استحقاقه الخاص.
سيكون هذا شيئًا نحتفل به ؛ سيتنافس أبناء الطبقة العاملة أخيرًا بعدل ، جنبًا إلى جنب مع أبناء ذوي الامتيازات. اعتقد يونغ أن ذلك لن يكون انتصارًا مطلقًا ؛ لانه كان لابد أن يولد الغطرسة في الرابحين والاذلال بين الخاسرين. سوف يعتبر الفائزون نجاحهم "مكافأة عادلة لقدرتهم الخاصة ، لجهودهم الخاصة ، لإنجازاتهم التي لا يمكن إنكارها" ، وبالتالي سينظرون بدونية إلى أولئك الأقل نجاحًا منهم. أولئك الذين فشلوا في النهوض . بالنسبة ليونغ ، لم يكن الاستحقاق مثالياً للهدف ولكنه وصفة للخلاف الاجتماعي. لقد لمح ، قبل عقود ، منطق الاستحقاق القاسي الذي يسمم الآن سياساتنا ويثير غضب الشعبوية. بالنسبة لأولئك الذين يشعرون بالحزن من استبداد الاستحقاق ، فإن المشكلة لا تكمن فقط في الأجور الراكدة ولكن أيضًا في فقدان التقدير الاجتماعي ، فقد تزامن فقدان الوظائف بسبب التكنولوجيا والاستعانة بمصادر خارجية مع الشعور بأن المجتمع لا يعطي احترامًا أقل للطبقة العاملة . مع تحول النشاط الاقتصادي من صنع الأشياء إلى إدارة الأموال ، حيث أغدق المجتمع مكافآت ضخمة على مديري صناديق الدعم ، ومصرفيي وول ستريت ، والطبقات المهنية ، أصبح العمل المحترم بالمعنى التقليدي هشًا وغير مؤكد. يفتقد هذا البعد إلى السياسة. إنهم يعتقدون أن مشكلة العولمة التي يحركها السوق هي مجرد مسألة عدالة توزيعية. أولئك الذين استفادوا من التجارة العالمية والتقنيات الجديدة وأموال الاقتصاد لم يعوضوا بشكل كاف أولئك الذين خسروا ، لكن هذا يسيء فهم الشكوى الشعبوية. كما أنه يعكس خللاً في النهج التكنوقراطي للحكم. إن إجراء خطابنا العام كما لو كان من الممكن الاستعانة بمصادر خارجية للحكم الأخلاقي والسياسي للأسواق ، أو للخبراء والتكنوقراط ، قد أفرغ الحجة الديمقراطية من المعنى والهدف. هذه الفراغات في المعنى العام تملأها على الدوام الأشكال القاسية والسلطوية للهوية والانتماء - سواء في شكل الأصولية الدينية أو القومية الشديدة ، وهذا ما نشهده اليوم. أدت أربعة عقود من العولمة التي يحركها السوق إلى إفراغ الخطاب العام ، وإضعاف المواطنين العاديين ، وخلقت رد فعل شعبوي عنيف يسعى إلى تلبيس الساحة العامة العارية بقومية انتقامية غير متسامحة. لإعادة تنشيط السياسة الديمقراطية ، نحتاج إلى إيجاد طريقنا إلى خطاب عام أكثر قوة من الناحية الأخلاقية ، خطاب يأخذ على محمل الجد التأثير المدمر للسعي نحو الاستحقاق على الروابط الاجتماعية التي تشكل حياتنا المشتركة.
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Michael Sandel
The Tyranny Of Merit
Translated By #Maher_Razouk

abbyjk's review against another edition

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Super repetitive

rhodas's review against another edition

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challenging informative inspiring medium-paced

4.5